BALL STATE UNIVERSITY 
DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRY AND TECHNOLOGY 
COURSE SYLLABUS

Spring 2000

ITDPT 364 Technology Education for the Elementary Grades

Section Three

Page updated December 27, 1999

Traffic Study at Storer School

Building a simple machine with Legos .

Office Hours:  Posted on AT 210 Door.  (Generally during lab hours but Burris and others intervene.)

Instructor: James J. Kirkwood, Ph.D.

Graduate Assistant: Rob Gaugler

Lab Hours: 2-3 PM, Mon. & Wed. 1-5 PM Tues, Thurs, Fri. Also weekends and eves as needed and/or requested. 

Phone: BSU: 285-5647 or 285-561 (message) 

FAX:  765-285-5647
Kirkwood home: 282-0793 8 AM to 10 PM.

Unix Mail: kirkwood@cs.bsu.edu

VAX mail: 00jjkirkwood@bsuvc.bsu.edu


Text:

Course Packet for ITDPT 364, Kirkwood@cs.bsu.edu/homepages/kirkwood, and other sources.

Course Description:

A laboratory course in Technology education emphasizing the use of tools, materials and industrial processes which provide an enrichment of the elementary program. Methods of planning and developing individual and group activity units are examined and evaluated.

Objectives:

1. To develop appreciation of how technology education enriches subject matter of the elementary school.
2. To develop ability to efficiently select, plan, construct and evaluate elementary technology education projects.
3. To develop an understanding of tools, materials and processes used to produce goods and services in our industrial, technological society.
4. To develop confidence to select and use technology education tools and materials safely and competently.
5. To develop realization of the opportunities technology education activities provide for creativity and self-expression.

Behavioral Objectives:

1. If given a unit of instruction and library resources, you should be able to identify and plan manipulative activities to enrich that unit of instruction.
2. If given the tools and materials, you should be able to construct projects appropriate for elementary school students using plaster of Paris, cloth, paper, prints, woods, metal, plastics, clay, wire, etc.
3. If given paper and pencil you should be able to write a defensible rationale for technology education in the elementary grades.
4. If given a list of the productive industrial technological activities of mankind, you should be able to classify them onto one of the four categories of communication, construction, manufacturing, and transportation technologies.
5. If given the opportunity, such as a teaching position, you will include technology education activities as an integral part of your classroom instruction.
 

Teaching: my attitude:

I believe it is a gift to be entrusted with the education of others. As one narrator of a video you will watch says somewhat over-dramatically, "we are graced with the opportunity to mold a precious clay" (ITEA). We can't do so by only being caring and loving nurturers of children, however. We must teach them something! And we must teach them with passion as well as vision. Lorraine Monroe, a former middle school teacher in Harlem and now Director of the School Leadership Academy at the Center for Educational Leadership in New York City, says that "'The function of a school is to work with our heart and soul and hands and brain' to deliver academically rigorous programs that help all children succeed." (ASCD Education Update, 40:3, May 98.)

She says this to her students:

"When you are with us, you belong to us, and we will do everything and anything for you." In that spirit, I pledge to do that for at least the 24 hours you have contracted to be with me.

My goal this semester is to have you ready to fill out the student evaluation of an instructor form with all 5's by the end of the semester. That means I intend to be perfect. I can do so only if you help me be a perfect teacher. I'll do my best--if I don't, please let me know what I should be doing better as soon as possible. Of course, you have to do your work, and I'll do all I can to see that it is good work. I also intend to teach nothing but material meaningful to you and your future classrooms.

I believe technology education is something about which most of you are ignorant. It is at the same time, one of the most important subject areas you will be teaching. One of the reasons you know so little about it is that we are suffering from an identity problem. "Technology," to the general public and to education, has come to mean computers and instructional delivery systems. Technology in this course means the way in which humans deal with the physical world. It is a more comprehensive definition. Technology studies "human innovation in action"  (ITEA). It might use computers in the process, and even teach something about them, but it is about all human productive areas--not just communication devices. In the elementary grades, we often use technology education as a means of connecting all classroom work.

The rest of the ITDPT 364 curriculum is available to you, here, on the web. You should check it out whenever your instructor tells you there is something new there, and at least once a week. Please print it out this week and read it before the next class.

http://www.cs.bsu.edu/homepages/kirkwood/inipo364.htm

If you would like an electronic version of any of the handouts this semester, please bring an IBM-formatted disk to class and I'll attempt to give you the file that class or within 2 days. The files will mostly be in MS Word (I use both IBM--Office 97, and Mac--Office 98) and not readable with earlier versions. Some will contain web links like the above paragraph


 
 

Technology Education: A Definition

Technology Education is a part of the total program of education from kindergarten through college and adult education. Technology education is a study of industry and technology. Technology, according to Melvin Kranzberg, is the application of knowledge and the knowledge of application. Technology, according to Alvin Toffler, "is that great growling engine of change." It provides unique opportunities for students to participate in representative experiences in the producing of goods or the rendering of services through the effective use of people, methods, machines, money, management, and marketing. The students also study effects of technology on all elements of society and the environment. Technology is the major means of adjusting to our environment.

Technology education provides experiences and information dealing with the world of work and occupational opportunities. This develops career awareness and provides career exploration opportunities.

Technology education assists in the discovery and development of personal aptitudes, interests, creative problem-solving abilities, self-reliance, sound judgment, resourcefulness, and adaptability. This provides for students' personal needs for living in a technological society.

Technology education is a dynamic program of student activity in a laboratory setting with three major thrusts that bring about: a) attainment of technological literacy, b) acquisition of knowledge of technical occupations and professions, and c) satisfying students' personal needs, including discovery of self as related to technology.


 
 

Technology Education for the Elementary Grades: A Rationale

In this class, technology education is considered more a teaching method than a separate area of instruction. There are both practical and psychological considerations for this position. 

First, from the practical point of view there is too little time to adequately develop and teach the concepts of technology, let alone prepare you to teach these concepts. However, there are already many activities and concepts present in the elementary curriculum that we can group under the heading of technology education to constitute a curriculum for study.

Second, and more important, child psychologists tell us that elementary school children have developmental characteristics relevant to the learning process. One of these characteristics concerns learning style: elementary school children typically learn abstract concepts better if they are first exposed to relevant concrete experiences. Manipulative technology education experiences have rich potential for concrete experiences. Another characteristic is that children learn best when they are physically involved in the process. Technology education activities provide opportunities for children to saw, drill, pound, walk, talk, and otherwise manipulate and make changes in their environment and the materials surrounding them. 

Some children, more specifically children with low verbal abilities or poor motivation, have difficulty achieving when they must learn only through reading and listening. They either cannot or will not read, listen, or talk effectively. Therefore another method of teaching must be used if learning is to occur. Technology education activities provide such an alternate channel for learning—a channel the children have not learned to "tune out.

Course Content: (Spring, 2000):

Plans for ITDPT 364, Spring, 2000

1. Problem Solving

1. urban transportation renewal
2. rocketry


Urban Transportation Renewal: A one-day project where students develop a community with provided materials. The first problem-solving activity and part of a series of construction technology activities. 

Problem-solving activity: Rocketry!

You will develop a rocket from a used film canister and alka seltzer tablets.  See the design brief from class and then check out the NASA design brief for this activity.

2. Mars Millennium Project

Students at Burris lab school, grades one through five, are engaged in a year-long study of Mars.  It is part of the White House Millennium Initiative.  So far, the 4th and 5th graders have developed four 4' by 8' sections of plywood to look like the possible site for research on Mars in the year 2030, and have given their work to the 2nd and 3rd graders.  (See your course materials for Wes Terrell's paper on this project.)

You will develop a teaching/learning activity for First through Third grade students.  This is a group activity for the children and will be produced by groups of two, three or four ITDPT 364 students. The activity must be hands-on, must  be a problem-solving activity, must integrate with at least one other "regular" subject, and must require written documentation and a physical product of the children.  You will be given specific guidelines for this project.  It will be due at the beginning of the fifth week of class, February 7, 2000. You will also re-produce the project for web-based instruction. Some class time will be allowed for this activity.

Activity to be put on the web

The Mars Millennium activity will be written as a "Design Brief." It will also have a three-dimensional product. The design brief and one or two photographs of it will be placed on the web. (50 points)

Based on what they have learned from the two problem-solving activities, students will develop a problem-solving activity for the Mars Millennium project. The activity must be integrated with math, language arts, science or social studies. It must also teach something about technology. It need not be a game, nor does it have to involve competition, but it must engage children as active learners. All three-dimensional products must be constructed, at least in part, in the AT 210 laboratory. They can be made from a variety of materials, some of which can be found in the lab, some may have to be brought in from home. The activity will be demonstrated to your peers and digital photographs will be made to document the activity.

You will write your paper to a PC disk using Microsoft Word for Windows or for Mac. (Macs read PC disks, but PCs don't read Mac disks, therefore always use an IBM-formatted disk!  You will use a web designer program (probably Netscape Composer) to create a web-page file from your paper. You must include graphics, drawings, scans, digital photographs, etc. with it.

K'nex materials 

There is over $1,000 worth of new K'nex materials and instruction scheets in the classroom, AT 210. I purchased them with grant money won last year from The AutoDesk Foundation and the ITEA and K'Nex donated an additional kit recently.  We began to use them last year in this class and with the Burris students. You will receive an instruction sheet on designing a math/science/technology activity with these materials.

Geodesic Dome Activities

We will construct two geodesic domes from kits. The first will be done in the classroom. The second, bigger and more complicated (and prettier) dome will be done outdoors when the weather gets warmer. It might involve further activities such as a camp-out or as a teaching unit with youngsters. Check out the manufacture and construction of the dome kit from Fall, 1997.  I also want to experiment with some miniature dome kit materials in a connected math unit.
 

 

Burris observation:

Each student will observe two elementary school classes at Burris. An observation report is due one week after your second observation. Pay attention to the curriculum, the students' maturity and abilities, the classroom itself, the teacher's characteristics that enhance learning. Please feel free to ask me, the technology teacher at Burris, the Burris classroom teacher, or the children about anything. Your report will follow a format I will hand out to you.  

Instructional Strategies and Format

Lectures, discussion and demonstration are the main formal teaching strategies. However, the main body of learning takes place during the time students are actively engaged in working with projects. For the extroverted, collaborative student, these times provide a wholesome interaction with others when learning occurs through informal discussions and observations of others. The group projects most readily enable this interaction. For the introverted, independent student, individual projects present a different, but no less meaningful experience. Lab times can be either collaborative or independent, depending on the project, the personality of the individuals, or the work ethic of the group. Lab time should consume about 2-4 hours each week beyond regular class time. Students are also expected to do outside research, reading, and writing, commensurate with course objectives.

This laboratory class is different from a lecture class. You will not be handed abstract material which you are to learn by rote. (I hope that brings a smile to your face.) You will be learning practical information and skills independently, in a hands-on, research-type of environment which is different from the way you usually learn. Not everything will be spelled out completely before you begin working. Demonstrations of tools, materials and techniques must often be given in a somewhat sketchy, outline form. In order to learn how to do an activity that is manipulative, you must take the information given in demonstrations and put it to use. I don't expect that you will understand perfectly how to do something until you have tried it yourself, asked questions of me or the graduate assistant or your classmates, and successfully carried out a procedure or used a tool or material. Don't be afraid to ask for help. That is when I can do the best job of teaching--when I can work with you one-on-one.

Reading Assignments:

As a rule, your reading assignment from all handouts begins the first week of class and continues to the last week. Read handouts the day they are given. All handouts will be covered in the exam or quizzes.

Laboratory Experiences and Hours:

The laboratory for this class is staffed by instructors and student assistants for a minimum of 20 hours of open lab each week. Students are expected to perform approximately 2 hours of laboratory work beyond classroom instruction each week. If you perform lab work for this class in some other location, prior approval is necessary otherwise it will be considered plagiarism. Laboratory activities are best described as general, including manufacturing, construction, communication and transportation and energy areas. PA 208, a public computer lab, is especially set up to handle any computer assignments of this class. Lab hours are generous and are posted in that lab. Other computer labs can be used, and there will be an Apple llgs, a Macintosh SE, IIci, IIVX, and a dual Pentium 133 IBM compatible in PA 210 for your use. There is also a 600 dpi b/w printer and a 400 dpi color printer, a scanner, a digital camera, CD player and CD writer for your use.
 

Rules and Regulations:

1. Please purchase a lock and have it ready for the lockers in the hallway by the beginning of the second class meeting. You may put a lock on any empty locker to use for the entire semester lockers must be used for storage of books, purses, projects and coats. Five points credit if you have a lock on your own, unshared locker in the hallway outside of AT 210 by the beginning of the second meeting.

2. Please leave your coats and big book bags, etc. in the lockers each time you enter the lab. The lab is crowded--there is no room for bookbags or coats on tables, chairs, and floors. Please respect the rights of others by not using up space that way.

3. The class meets for 16 weeks. 

4. Class attendance is mandatory. See University policy on attendance, below.  My policy for this semester:  Two excused absences are permitted in a night class, four excused absences are permitted in a day class. More than those absences, excused or not, will subtract one full letter grade from your final evaluation. Each additional two hours absence will subtract another letter grade. For example, if you have two excused absences for a night class or four excused absences for a day class, your grade will not be lowered.  Let's say, however, that you overslept another class, or even had an excuse for a third miss.  In either case you have missed 20% of the class and will therefore be docked a letter grade. If you are unclear about this, it is your responsibility to see me to explain it further.
 

University Senate Student Attendance Policy:

The following items were passed by the University Senate on April 21, 1994, and by the Board of Trustees on May 6, 1994, and appear in the Faculty and Professional Personnel Handbook, pg. 190 and in the Undergraduate Catalog. This is the only attendance policy in effect at Ball State. You will note that there are no such things as a “cut policy” or “excused absences” outside of field trips and official university responsibilities. Of course I will excuse an absence with documented evidence of sickness or death of a family member. Senate recently added exceptions for deaths, which I will respect and, in fact, have always accommodated students in times of bereavement. 

1. At Ball State University student attendance at class meetings is expected. Faculty shall establish attendance policies for their courses. Such attendance policies must be communicated to students by faculty through course syllabi or outlines.

2. Absence caused by field trips in one of the student’s courses or by official university responsibilities shall be announced in advance to instructors of the other course(s) in which the student is enrolled. A notice will originate in the office of the department chairperson and be brought to the instructor(s) by the student. This notice should be shown to the instructor(s) at least three (3) days before the field trip. All trips should be scheduled after the first week or before the last two weeks of a semester (last two weeks—including the examination period)...

5. Three tardies will count as one absence.

6. Leaving class early without permission will count as an absence.

7. The final meeting is most important and failing to attend it will count as two absences. Don't make other plans for the final meeting!  There will be no exceptions for weddings, family vacations, etc.  Last semester, the 3 pm class had finals on the Saturday of exam week! Please check exam schedules now so that you aren't surprised in May!!!!!  I'd hate to see you miss your own wedding.

8. If you miss class, it is your responsibility to find out if there was a quiz and what to do about it; what work you missed and how to make it up, if possible; and what assignments were made. It is necessary to call or make an appointment with your instructor well before the next class meeting.

9. It should be noted at the beginning that this is a laboratory class. This means that although there are reading assignments, there will also be laboratory work to be accomplished. PA 210 is the laboratory for this class and will open for a minimum of 10 hours each week, increasing in time when there is an expressed need. A schedule of open lab times is noted above, and the most recent schedule will be posted and be on the door of PA 210. The instructor or graduate assistant will be present at the time to help you with your work. Repeat: If you perform lab work for this class in some other location, prior approval is necessary otherwise I will consider it plagiarism.

10. Please learn your section number and use it on everything you hand in, including project work. It will not get graded otherwise! 

11. All written work will be printed on a laser writer or typewriter (throw away worn-out ribbons or cartridges). No exceptions. It will not be accepted if handwritten.
 

12. It is your responsibility to be ready to work during assigned lab time. Bring your materials so that you are always ready to do manipulative work. Lab time is not time to socialize, write letters, do homework or study for another class, or even to do library or book research for this class (that should be done outside of this class). Lab time is a time to roll up your sleeves and get to work. If you receive permission to work on your project at home, let your instructor know what you plan to do and let him see your work as it progresses. And then don't forget to bring your project to class during assigned lab time.

13. All assignments shall be handed in on time. Late work will be penalized by deduction of points, approximately 10% reduction in points for each school day late.

14. Laboratory clean-up is your responsibility. This includes class time as well as open lab hours. Please take an active part in helping to keep your lab clean, the tools in good order, and the materials organized.

15. Please respect other people's materials and projects.


Course Progress Information:

Information regarding your progress in this class will be provided after grades are distributed for each assignment, test, quiz, or other activity. You will receive a personal grade report indicating your letter grade for the current assignment as well as a numerical score for each previous assignment, test, quiz or other activity; a cumulative numerical score; and a percentage of the total; so that you will be aware, at all times, of your progress in the course. Please feel free to use e-mail to communicate with your instructor. Generally you will receive a reply in less than 24 hours. e-mail is the surest way to get a message to your instructor!

Safety requirements:

Safety glasses are provided for required use whenever you will be operating power equipment. They are encouraged for certain hand-tool operations as well. Long hair should be restrained by a hair net or rubber band whenever operating power equipment. Loose sleeves, ties, belts, bracelets, necklaces or other loose clothing and accessories should be eliminated or restrained when working with power tools and some hand tools such as the hand drill.

Late Homework or Late Assignment Policy:

As noted elsewhere, late work will be penalized by subtracting 10% of the points possible for each day late. Exceptions will be made for legitimate excuses of illness, etc.
 
 
 

Grading Policy:

Grading will be on a percentage basis:

A= 90-100% 
B= 80-89% 
C= 70-79% 
D= 60-69% 
F= <60%
Both subjective and objective evaluation techniques will be used. All objective grades will be group referenced to both sections. (I.e. "curved" so that the above grading will apply to percentages.) Objective evaluations will be made on such things as constructing projects to specifications, e.g.: proper length and width, quizzes and tests, and whether or not you have completed an assignment. Subjective evaluations will be made on such things as creativity, craftsmanship, demonstration of intelligent thought and expression, and value of projects to the stated objectives. Subjective does not mean you are being evaluated against each other nor does it mean that your personality is being scrutinized for its supposed value or lack of value. Subjective means that your work is being evaluated on objectives that are stated or implied by both the student and the instructor and against the possible alternatives, given different time allotments, materials used, and your own entering skill levels. 

 

Course Evaluation Policy:

Each class will be evaluated using a University-approved evaluation form before or during mid-term so that the I can incorporate any necessary changes for the second half of the term. Remember, I'm trying to be perfect! A similar student evaluation, following departmental, college and university guidelines, will be held towards the end of the semester to be used by the department for merit evaluation.

Audit Policy:

Students may audit this course upon registration and paying the appropriate fees to the registrar for audit purposes. Laboratory facilities are limited to 20 students, including auditors. Faculty and Graduate Assistants are encouraged to audit this course.

Special Needs Students:

If you need course adaptations or accommodations because of a disability, if you have emergency medical information to share with me, or if you need special arrangements in case the building must be evacuated, please make an appointment with me as soon as possible. Repeat: My telephone number is 285-5647, my usual office hours in AT210A are listed on the door to this room. I am usually in my office from 2 to 5PM daily.  I can be contacted at home at 282-0793.

Extra Materials

Most supplies and materials will be given to you. You must furnish a lock. (Five (5) points credit if you bring one for a locker in the hallway by the second meeting.) (For the Mars project, I can reimburse you for any expenses up to $10, but you must keep a receipt and let me know about it before you buy something.)

Texts and Resources:

Http://www.cs.bsu.edu/homepages/kirkwood
A variety of materials is kept on reserve at Bracken Library.
An instructional materials room in the laboratory is stocked with over 200 texts and nearly 100 slide series as well as a variety of self-instruction aids both visual and auditory.
Computers are available in AT210. We have Macintosh and PC computers. Peripherals include two printers, a scanner, a CD writer, and internet access. We have a good supply of business and educational software, including word processing, data base, drafting and drawing, spreadsheet and communications packages.We also have good graphics CD files.
 

Selected Bibliography:

Technology & Children. A Journal of the ITEA and TECC
Kirkwood, J.J. & McLaughlin C.H.Jr. (1999) Math/science/technology and toys. Technology & children. 4:2(3-6).

Kirkwood, J.J. & Foster, P.N. (1999). Relating technology education to trends in elementary education. The technology teacher. 59:2(7-11) .

Kirkwood, J.J. & Kendrick, M., (1999). Authentically assessing an assembly line. The technology teacher. 58:6(8-13).

Kirkwood, J.J. (1999). Elementary school technology education: An integrated transportation technology activity. Technology education report. 11:2 (20-21).

Kirkwood, J.J. & Pedtke, J. (1998). Designing an integrated technology activity. Technology & children 3(2): pp14-16.

Kirkwood, J.J. (1998) Editorial: Technology. Technology & children. 2(4):pp 2,3.

Moscuzza, F. & Kirkwood, J.J. (1997) Build a bug and eat it. Technology & Children. 2(2) pp 16-18.
Kellogg, H., Kirkwood, J. & Huffman, R. (1997) Journaling, graphic technology, and Kids: A winning combination. Technology & Children. 1(4) pp 14-16.
Kirkwood, J. J. (1997). James Kirkwood talks with Terry Thode. Technology & Children.1(4) pp. 19-21.
Kirkwood, J.J. & Foster, P.N. Eds. (1997) Elementary school technology education. 46th Yearbook of the Council on Technology Teacher Education. Peoria, IL: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill.
Foster, P.N. Kirkwood, J.J. (1997) The child and the school. In J. Kirkwood & P. Foster (Eds.) Technology education for the elementary grades. Council on Technology Teacher Education 46th Yearbook. Peoria, IL: Glencoe. pp 1-26.
Kleeberg, M.J. & Kirkwood, J.J. (1997). Children's literature and technology education. J. Kirkwood & P. Foster (Eds.) Technology education for the elementary grades. Council on Technology Teacher Education 46th Yearbook. Peoria, IL: Glencoe. pp. 147-157.
International Technology Education Association (1996). Technology for all Americans: A rationale and structure for the study of technology.
Kirkwood, J. (1996). President's message: Elementary school technology education. Technology & Children. 1(1) 3, 15.
Huffman, R. & Kirkwood, J. (1996). Technology and natural habitats. Technology & Children. 1(1) 7-9.
Hutchinson, J. & Karsnitz, J. (1994). Design and problem solving in technology. Albany, NY: Delmar.
Kirkwood, J. Foster, P. & Bartow, S. (1994) Historical leaders in technology education philosophy. Journal of Industrial Teacher Education. 32:1, pp. 6-25.
Foster, P. & Kirkwood, J. (1994). Kids don’t care if it’s low-tech: designing, engineering and building a chilean fog catcher. T.I.E.S.
Foster, P. & Kirkwood, J. (1993). Toying with technology. Teaching pre K-8. 24:2. pp 68-71.
Kirkwood, J. & Foster, P. (1993). Tapioca technology: An integrated technology study for the third grade. The technology teacher. 53:1, pp. 7-11
Fales, et. al. (1992). Technology today and tomorrow. Mission Hills, CA: Glencoe Pub.
Kirkwood, J. (1992). Elementary school math and technology education. The technology teacher. 51(4), 29-31.
Kirkwood, J. & Gimblett, H. (1992). Expert systems and weather forecasting in the 4th and 5th grade. Journal of Computing in Childhood Education. 3(3/4), 323-333.
Kirkwood, J. (1992). Teaching children about simple machines. The technology teacher. 52(1), 11-13.
Dunn, S. & Larson, R. (1990). Design Technology. Children’s engineering. Hillsboro, OR: Small World Technologies, Inc.
Wright, R. & Smith, H. (1989). Understanding Technology. South Holland, IL: Goodheart-Wilcox.
Hacker, M & Barden, R. (1987). Technology in Your World. Albany, NY: Delmar Pub. Co.
Todd, McCrory, Todd, and DeVore. (1985). Understanding and Using Technology. Worcester, MA: Davis Pub. Inc.
Kimeldorf, M. (1984). Special Needs in Technology Education. Worcester, MA: Davis Pub. Inc.
Heiner, C. & Hendrix, W. (1980). People Create Technology. Worcester, MA: Davis Pub. Inc.
Miller, W. R., & Boyd W. (1970). Teaching Elementary Industrial Arts. South Holland, IL: Goodheart-Wilcox.
Kirkwood, J. & South R. (1970). How to do Industrial Arts in the Elementary Grades. Dubuque, Iowa. Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co.
Gerbracht, C. & Babcock, R. (1969). Elementary School Industrial Arts. New York: Bruce Publishing Co. 1969
Kirkwood, J. (1968). Selected Reading: Industrial Arts for the Elementary Grades. Dubuque, Iowa. Wm. C. Brown Book Co.
Scobey, Mary-Margaret. (1968). Teaching Children About Technology. Bloomington, IL: McKnight and McKnight.

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